Mobile Phone Surveillance in Pakistan: Amnesty International’s Report and What It Means for Your Privacy

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In September 2025, Amnesty International released a report that shook the confidence of millions of Pakistanis. According to their findings, Pakistan’s government and regulatory authorities are carrying out large-scale mobile phone surveillance without sufficient legal safeguards. This includes the interception of phone calls, monitoring of internet sessions, and even blocking online content. The report alleged that the privacy of ordinary citizens—not just politicians, journalists, or activists—is under threat.

This revelation comes at a time when mobile phones have become the central hub of modern life. From banking apps and business communication to social media, education, and health records, everything is stored inside these small devices. Losing control over the privacy of your phone does not just mean someone might overhear a casual chat—it can mean financial loss, reputational damage, blackmail, or even threats to personal safety.

Privacy has always been a sensitive issue, but in today’s Pakistan, it has become a matter of survival for many. Journalists fear that their sources may be exposed. Lawyers worry that client confidentiality may be compromised. Business owners fear that trade secrets may be leaked. Even ordinary students are becoming concerned about whether their online research or political opinions might draw unwanted attention.

The Amnesty International report also pointed out that Pakistan’s surveillance systems are not only vast but also lacking transparency. In many countries, governments do have the right to intercept communication for national security purposes, but they must follow strict judicial oversight. In Pakistan, however, Amnesty alleges that such oversight is either absent or extremely weak.

This article will provide a comprehensive breakdown of the report, explain how surveillance actually works in Pakistan, and explore why it matters to every citizen. We will also discuss possible reforms, global comparisons, and practical steps you can take to protect your own privacy in a digital age.

Chapter 1 – Amnesty International’s Report

In May 2024, Amnesty International released a powerful report that directly questioned Pakistan’s approach toward digital privacy and surveillance. For years, activists and journalists in the country had been raising concerns about the lack of accountability in how citizens’ data was being handled. This report gave those concerns an international platform, backed with evidence and global attention.

Key Revelations of the Report

Amnesty’s research highlighted that Pakistan has been quietly investing in surveillance infrastructure, much of it imported from international companies that specialize in spyware and monitoring systems. These tools give authorities the ability to track mobile calls, intercept internet traffic, and even break into personal devices.

Unlike targeted surveillance, where monitoring is focused on specific suspects, these systems allow for broad collection of data from ordinary citizens who have done nothing wrong. Amnesty warned that this shift from selective monitoring to mass surveillance represents a direct threat to basic human rights.

Lack of Legal Safeguards

One of the most critical points Amnesty raised was the absence of clear laws and safeguards to protect privacy in Pakistan. In countries with strong privacy laws, surveillance agencies are required to obtain court orders or provide justifications before accessing private data. In Pakistan, however, the report noted that agencies often operate in secrecy without meaningful oversight.

This legal vacuum creates opportunities for abuse. Without independent checks, surveillance tools can be misused against political opponents, journalists, activists, or even private citizens caught in disputes. The report emphasized that until Pakistan introduces proper legal frameworks and independent monitoring, privacy violations will continue unchecked.

International Reaction

Amnesty’s findings did not remain confined within Pakistan. The report attracted international media coverage, with global outlets questioning why Pakistan was adopting such aggressive surveillance practices without public debate. Human rights organizations called for stricter controls on the export of surveillance technology to countries that lack democratic safeguards.

For Pakistan, this meant increased pressure on its government to address the concerns. Yet, instead of opening a transparent discussion, officials largely downplayed the report, claiming that such surveillance measures are necessary for national security and counterterrorism.

Impact on Ordinary Citizens

While surveillance is often justified in the name of national security, Amnesty pointed out that ordinary citizens bear the greatest cost. Everyday activities such as making a phone call, sending a text, or using social media may now be subject to invisible monitoring.

For professionals like journalists, lawyers, and doctors, this raises serious ethical concerns. A journalist cannot safely communicate with sources if they fear interception. A lawyer may struggle to protect client confidentiality. Even ordinary families may feel less secure knowing their private conversations might not be private after all.

Why This Report Matters

Amnesty International’s report is not just another publication; it acts as a wake-up call for Pakistan’s digital society. In a world where technology plays a central role in communication, banking, healthcare, and education, privacy violations directly impact personal freedom and security. The report serves as documented proof that Pakistan must urgently reform its approach to data protection before trust in digital systems erodes completely.

By shedding light on these practices, Amnesty has pushed the debate into the public sphere. Whether Pakistan chooses to respond with reforms or silence will shape the country’s digital future for years to come.

Chapter 2 – Why Privacy Matters for Pakistanis

When most people in Pakistan hear the word “privacy,” they often think it only matters to politicians, journalists, or technology experts. But in reality, privacy is not a luxury—it is a basic human right that impacts every citizen. Whether you are a student chatting with friends, a businessman handling financial records, or a homemaker storing family photos, your personal information deserves protection. Understanding why privacy matters is the first step toward valuing it.

Protection of Personal Freedom

Privacy is directly linked with freedom of expression. If citizens believe that their phone calls or social media activities are being monitored, they may feel reluctant to speak openly. This fear of surveillance can limit public discussion, discourage criticism of authorities, and weaken democracy itself.

For example, if a university student wants to share opinions about government policies but fears their Facebook posts are being watched, they might censor themselves. Over time, this self-censorship silences young voices that are crucial for social progress.

Safety in the Digital Age

Today, almost every Pakistani uses mobile banking, online shopping, or digital payments through platforms like Easypaisa and JazzCash. These services store sensitive details such as CNIC numbers, phone records, and bank information. If this data is mishandled or stolen, individuals could face fraud, financial losses, or even identity theft.

A single breach can ruin someone’s financial stability. Imagine if a hacker gains access to your mobile wallet; within minutes, years of savings could disappear. Privacy safeguards are not just about secrecy—they are about protecting people’s livelihoods.

Family and Social Life

Privacy also matters in family life. Pakistan is a socially conservative country where personal images, messages, or relationships being exposed can lead to severe social consequences, especially for women. Cases of cyber-harassment have shown that leaked photos or hacked accounts can cause emotional trauma, social isolation, or even honor-based violence.

Ensuring privacy gives individuals the confidence to use digital platforms without fear that their personal lives will be exploited. Families should be able to communicate freely, knowing that their conversations remain private.

Professional Integrity

Doctors, lawyers, and journalists depend heavily on privacy to do their jobs properly. A doctor must protect the confidentiality of medical records, while a lawyer is ethically bound to keep client details safe. If surveillance systems compromise these protections, not only do professionals suffer, but the people who rely on them also lose trust.

Journalists, in particular, face major challenges. Sources often share sensitive information with them, trusting that their identity will remain protected. If surveillance exposes those conversations, sources may stop coming forward, and important truths may never reach the public.

Building Trust in Digital Systems

Pakistan is pushing toward digital transformation, with government initiatives encouraging online payments, digital identity verification, and smart city technologies. However, these projects cannot succeed without public trust. If people suspect that every online interaction is being watched, they will hesitate to adopt new technologies.

For instance, many Pakistanis still avoid online banking, fearing their accounts may be hacked or monitored. Without strong privacy guarantees, digital growth will remain limited, slowing down economic progress.

A Right, Not a Privilege

Privacy is not a Western idea imposed on Pakistan; it is recognized as a fundamental right under Article 14 of Pakistan’s Constitution, which protects the dignity and privacy of citizens. Unfortunately, weak enforcement and lack of awareness mean that this right often exists only on paper.

Recognizing privacy as a personal right changes how people approach it. Instead of seeing it as something optional, citizens begin to demand safeguards just like they demand clean water, safe roads, or fair elections.

Conclusion

Privacy matters for every Pakistani because it touches personal freedom, financial security, family life, professional integrity, and national progress. It is not about hiding wrongdoing—it is about protecting dignity and ensuring that people can live without constant fear of being watched. When privacy is respected, citizens feel empowered to express themselves, trust digital systems, and contribute to the nation’s growth.

Chapter 3 – The Role of PTA and Authorities

In Pakistan, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) is the primary body responsible for regulating internet services, mobile networks, and digital communication. Its mandate includes ensuring that communication systems are secure, accessible, and in line with the law. However, when it comes to privacy, PTA and other related authorities often find themselves at the center of controversy. Many citizens see them not as protectors of privacy, but as enablers of surveillance. To understand why, it is important to look at their responsibilities and actions.

PTA’s Legal Role

PTA was established to regulate telecom services and protect consumer interests. Officially, its duties include:

• Granting licenses to internet and mobile service providers.
• Ensuring compliance with national laws.
• Maintaining quality of service.
• Safeguarding consumer rights.

On paper, these responsibilities suggest that PTA should also safeguard user privacy. After all, if a citizen’s data is misused by telecom operators or exposed due to weak systems, it falls within PTA’s scope to intervene.

Monitoring and Surveillance

Despite its stated role, PTA is often associated with surveillance activities. Pakistan has passed several laws, such as the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016, that give state agencies broad powers to monitor digital activity. Under this law, authorities can demand access to data from internet service providers (ISPs) and telecom companies.

PTA plays a role in enforcing these laws, which sometimes means facilitating access to private user data when requested by law enforcement or intelligence agencies. While national security is a valid concern, the lack of clear oversight mechanisms raises fears that surveillance can be misused against political opponents, activists, or even ordinary citizens.

Internet Censorship

PTA is also heavily involved in blocking and censoring websites. From banning platforms like TikTok for “immoral content” to restricting access to political websites, its censorship policies are often criticized for being too broad. While PTA argues that it acts in the interest of public morality and security, critics argue that censorship limits freedom of expression and creates an environment where citizens feel constantly monitored.

This censorship is closely tied to privacy concerns. When platforms are restricted or monitored, users may feel forced to switch to unsafe alternatives or find workarounds like unverified VPNs, which could expose their data even more.

Cooperation with Law Enforcement Agencies

PTA works closely with law enforcement agencies, particularly the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA). While the FIA investigates cybercrimes such as hacking, fraud, or harassment, it often requests user data from service providers through PTA. This cooperation can help catch criminals, but without transparent checks, it can also lead to overreach.

For example, activists have claimed that personal data has been accessed without warrants, simply on the orders of certain authorities. Such practices erode trust and make people feel unsafe online.

International Concerns

International human rights groups, including Amnesty International, have repeatedly raised concerns about PTA’s role in mass surveillance. Reports suggest that Pakistan has purchased monitoring technology from foreign companies, with PTA being part of the enforcement network. These concerns make global tech companies hesitant to expand operations in Pakistan, fearing misuse of data.

The Need for Reform

PTA has the potential to become a true guardian of digital rights if it shifts its focus toward consumer protection. This would mean:

• Making surveillance requests transparent and subject to judicial approval.
• Publishing annual reports on data protection measures.
• Penalizing telecom operators that fail to secure user information.
• Establishing independent oversight bodies to monitor surveillance practices.

By adopting reforms, PTA could move from being seen as a tool of surveillance to being respected as a regulator that genuinely safeguards citizens.

Conclusion

The role of PTA and related authorities is central to Pakistan’s digital future. At present, their involvement in surveillance and censorship has raised more questions than answers. Instead of building trust, many citizens see them as contributors to the privacy crisis. For Pakistan to move forward, PTA must evolve into an authority that prioritizes privacy protection, transparency, and accountability, ensuring that technology serves people instead of controlling them.

Chapter 4 – The Digital ID System and Risks

Pakistan prides itself on having one of the most advanced national identity systems in South Asia. The National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) maintains a centralized database of citizens, issuing Computerized National Identity Cards (CNICs) and Smart Cards that are used for everything from voting to opening bank accounts. While this digital ID system has streamlined governance and increased efficiency, it has also created new risks for privacy and security.

How the Digital ID System Works

Every Pakistani is required to have a CNIC, which contains personal details such as name, father’s name, address, and biometric data like fingerprints. NADRA stores this information in a centralized database, which is then linked with countless services:

• Banks use CNICs for account verification.
• Telecom companies require CNICs for SIM registration.
• Government offices demand CNICs for services like tax filing, pensions, and benefits.

This interconnected system means that a single ID card is the key to almost every essential service in a citizen’s life. On the surface, this creates efficiency, but it also concentrates power and risk in one place.

Risks of Centralization

Centralizing all personal data in a single database makes it an attractive target for hackers, criminals, and even corrupt insiders. If NADRA’s systems are breached, millions of Pakistanis could have their sensitive information exposed. Unlike a password, personal details such as fingerprints and family records cannot be changed once compromised.

For instance, leaked CNIC data can be misused for identity theft, fake bank accounts, or fraudulent SIM registrations. There have been reported cases where individuals discovered bank accounts or loans opened in their name without their knowledge, often traced back to misuse of CNIC details.

SIM Registration and Tracking

One of the most controversial aspects of the digital ID system is its use in SIM card registration. Every mobile phone user in Pakistan must link their SIM with their CNIC through biometric verification. While this helps in reducing anonymous criminal activity, it also gives authorities the ability to track citizens’ communication and location with great precision.

The concern is not just about security agencies using this information for counterterrorism but also about the possibility of misuse. Without strict oversight, tracking tools can be abused against political dissidents, journalists, or activists.

Data Leaks and Black Markets

Over the years, several reports have surfaced about Pakistani citizens’ data being sold on the dark web. Hackers have claimed to possess CNIC databases, complete with addresses and phone numbers, available for purchase. Even if these claims are partially true, they point toward weak cybersecurity protocols within institutions that handle sensitive data.

A troubling trend is the illegal sale of SIMs registered under stolen CNICs. Criminals use these SIMs for fraudulent activities, leaving innocent citizens to face police inquiries. Victims often struggle for months to clear their names because the system prioritizes digital records over personal testimony.

Trust Deficit in NADRA

NADRA has been both praised and criticized for its work. On one hand, it has modernized Pakistan’s identification system and enabled services like online verification. On the other hand, the lack of transparency in how data is stored, shared, or protected has created mistrust. Citizens are rarely informed about how their data is being used or whether it has been compromised in breaches.

Need for Safeguards

For the digital ID system to be sustainable, Pakistan must strengthen its safeguards:

• Introduce independent audits of NADRA’s databases.
• Create data protection laws that clearly define how information can be shared.
• Establish redress mechanisms for citizens whose data has been misused.
• Invest in cybersecurity training and infrastructure to prevent future breaches.

Conclusion

The digital ID system in Pakistan represents both progress and danger. It provides convenience and efficiency but at the cost of increased vulnerability. Unless stronger protections are introduced, the very system designed to safeguard identity could become the biggest threat to it. For citizens, the CNIC should symbolize empowerment, not fear of exploitation.

Chapter 5 – Surveillance Technology

Surveillance is no longer limited to secret agents following people in dark glasses. In today’s world, technology has transformed how governments and institutions monitor citizens. Pakistan, like many other countries, has embraced modern surveillance systems. While officials justify them as tools for national security and counterterrorism, their unchecked use raises serious questions about privacy, human rights, and freedom.

What Is Surveillance Technology?

Surveillance technology refers to digital tools that allow authorities to collect, monitor, and analyze information about individuals or groups. This includes:

• CCTV networks that track public spaces.
• Call and SMS monitoring systems installed with telecom companies.
• Spyware and malware that can hack into smartphones and computers.
• Internet monitoring systems that filter or intercept online traffic.
• Biometric systems that store fingerprints, facial scans, and iris patterns.

In Pakistan, many of these technologies have been imported from international companies, sometimes through secretive contracts. Reports by human rights organizations suggest that advanced spyware, capable of remotely accessing devices, has been purchased by state institutions.

Surveillance in Public Spaces

Major cities like Islamabad, Lahore, and Karachi are now filled with CCTV cameras under projects such as Safe City Initiatives. These projects are designed to fight crime, manage traffic, and improve emergency response. However, critics argue that the footage is not always used responsibly. Without strong oversight, the same cameras that are meant to ensure safety can also be used to track individuals for political or personal reasons.

Monitoring Mobile Communication

Pakistan’s strict SIM registration policy gives authorities a powerful tool to monitor mobile phone users. Call records, text messages, and even location data can be accessed through telecom companies. While this capability is valuable in criminal investigations, the lack of transparency makes it vulnerable to misuse.

Surveillance of communication has been linked to harassment of journalists and activists. Some have reported receiving warnings or threats after private conversations were seemingly intercepted. This creates an atmosphere of fear, discouraging open dialogue in society.

Internet Surveillance

With internet penetration increasing rapidly, online activity has become a key target for surveillance. Tools like deep packet inspection (DPI) allow authorities to monitor internet traffic at a large scale. This means they can filter, block, or intercept data as it passes through service providers.

In addition, reports have suggested the use of spyware such as Pegasus, a sophisticated tool that can remotely access smartphones, read messages, record calls, and even activate microphones or cameras without the user’s knowledge. Although official confirmation is lacking, cybersecurity experts believe that such tools may have been deployed in Pakistan against select targets.

Risks of Misuse

The core problem is not the technology itself but how it is managed. Without independent oversight, surveillance tools can easily be misused:

• To silence political opposition.
• To track activists or journalists.
• To intimidate whistleblowers exposing corruption.
• To invade the private lives of ordinary citizens.

This misuse damages trust between the state and society. When people feel they are constantly being watched, they censor themselves and stop engaging freely, which harms democracy and innovation.

International Concerns

The unchecked use of surveillance technology in Pakistan has drawn criticism from groups like Amnesty International and Privacy International. They argue that exporting companies must stop selling powerful spyware to countries where privacy protections are weak. Some Western governments have already restricted sales of such technology to prevent abuse.

For Pakistan, continued reliance on foreign surveillance tools without proper regulations not only threatens citizens’ rights but also risks international isolation, as global watchdogs pressure for reforms.

The Way Forward

Surveillance technology can play a positive role if used responsibly. For that, Pakistan needs:

• Independent oversight bodies to approve surveillance requests.
• Clear legal boundaries that separate criminal investigations from political spying.
• Transparency reports published by telecom companies and authorities.
• Public awareness campaigns so citizens understand their rights.

Conclusion

Surveillance technology is a double-edged sword. It can protect citizens by preventing crime and terrorism, but without accountability, it becomes a tool of control. In Pakistan, the challenge is to strike the right balance—ensuring security while respecting privacy. Until that balance is achieved, the very tools designed to safeguard the nation may end up undermining the freedom of its people.

Chapter 6 – Legal and Constitutional Gaps

Privacy is not just a matter of technology—it is also about laws, regulations, and constitutional protections that guarantee citizens’ rights. In Pakistan, the right to privacy is recognized on paper but is weakly enforced in practice. This gap between theory and reality is one of the biggest reasons why citizens remain vulnerable to surveillance and data misuse.

Constitutional Protection of Privacy

The Constitution of Pakistan, under Article 14, guarantees the “dignity of man and, subject to law, the privacy of home.” On the surface, this seems to provide a strong shield for individual rights. However, there are two major issues:

1. The clause is vague and does not clearly define what “privacy” means in the digital age. It mainly refers to physical space (home privacy) rather than data privacy.
2. The right is made “subject to law,” which means that ordinary legislation can override it. In practice, laws like PECA 2016 have given authorities wide powers to monitor digital activity, often at the cost of privacy.

This makes the constitutional guarantee weak and dependent on how other laws are interpreted.

PECA 2016 and Its Implications

The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 was introduced to address cybercrimes such as hacking, fraud, and online harassment. While it did fill an important gap, the law has been criticized for giving sweeping powers to the state.

• Broad definitions: Terms like “cybercrime” and “terrorism” are defined vaguely, allowing authorities to interpret them however they wish.
• Data access: Section 32 allows authorities to require service providers to retain user data and hand it over when demanded.
• Blocking powers: Section 37 authorizes the PTA to block online content in the interest of morality, security, or religion. These terms are broad and easily misused.

Instead of protecting citizens, PECA has often been used against journalists, activists, and critics of government policies.

Lack of Data Protection Laws

Unlike many countries, Pakistan does not yet have a strong Data Protection Act. While drafts of a “Personal Data Protection Bill” have circulated for years, they remain pending without being passed into law.

The absence of such a law means:

• Companies can collect, store, and share user data without strict obligations.
• Citizens have no clear mechanism to demand deletion or correction of their personal data.
• There are no strong penalties for organizations that leak or misuse sensitive information.

In the absence of legal safeguards, both government agencies and private businesses enjoy unchecked access to personal data.

Weak Oversight Mechanisms

Another gap lies in the lack of independent oversight. In many democracies, surveillance requests must go through judicial review or independent watchdogs. In Pakistan, however, most requests are processed internally within agencies, without transparency or accountability. Citizens are not informed if their data has been accessed, and there are no annual transparency reports from telecom companies.

This secrecy fuels suspicion and mistrust. Without oversight, there is no way to know whether surveillance is truly being used for national security or for political purposes.

International Standards vs. Pakistan’s Reality

Globally, privacy is treated as a fundamental human right under documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 12) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 17). Many countries, including neighboring India, have passed data protection laws in line with international standards.

Pakistan, however, lags behind. Amnesty International and other watchdogs have repeatedly criticized Pakistan for failing to meet international obligations. This not only affects citizens but also discourages foreign companies from investing in Pakistan’s digital economy, fearing weak protections for customer data.

The Need for Reform

To close these gaps, Pakistan must:

• Strengthen Article 14 to explicitly include digital privacy.
• Amend PECA to narrow definitions and limit state powers.
• Pass a comprehensive Data Protection Act aligned with global best practices.
• Establish independent oversight bodies to monitor surveillance and data requests.
• Create public awareness so citizens know their rights and remedies.

Conclusion

Pakistan’s legal and constitutional framework on privacy is full of loopholes. While the Constitution offers a basic guarantee, vague wording and broad laws like PECA undermine it. The lack of a strong data protection law further leaves citizens exposed. Unless reforms are introduced, Pakistan will continue to struggle between the demands of security and the rights of its people, with privacy often being sacrificed.

Chapter 7 – Public Awareness and Reaction

Privacy and surveillance are sensitive topics worldwide, but in Pakistan, the level of public awareness about these issues is mixed. While some segments of society, particularly journalists, lawyers, and digital rights activists, actively raise concerns, the average citizen often remains unaware of how deeply surveillance affects their lives. Understanding public reaction requires looking at both the informed voices and the general population.

Awareness Among Professionals and Activists

In recent years, digital rights organizations such as Digital Rights Foundation (DRF) and Bytes for All have played a crucial role in raising awareness. They frequently highlight issues related to online surveillance, data protection, and misuse of authority. Journalists and lawyers also participate in this debate, especially when laws like PECA are applied to silence dissent.

Amnesty International’s reports have provided additional support, giving activists a global platform to challenge state practices. For example, after revelations about spyware and internet monitoring, rights groups organized seminars and media campaigns to educate people about how these practices violate fundamental rights.

This segment of society tends to react strongly, issuing press releases, filing court petitions, and engaging in policy discussions. However, their voices often remain limited to urban centers and digital platforms.

General Public’s Understanding

For the ordinary citizen, privacy is still largely associated with the physical home rather than digital life. Many Pakistanis use smartphones, social media, and online banking daily but are not fully aware of how much data they generate or how easily it can be tracked.

A common perception is that surveillance is only targeted at criminals or terrorists. This belief creates a sense of indifference: “If I am not doing anything wrong, I have nothing to hide.” This mindset allows surveillance to grow unchecked because people do not demand stronger protections.

Moreover, because internet services are often marketed with a focus on speed and affordability, privacy rarely becomes part of the conversation. Telecom companies highlight packages and bundles but do not educate customers on how their data is being handled.

Social Media Reactions

Despite limited awareness, social media has given citizens a platform to express frustration whenever a privacy-related scandal emerges. For example, news about government monitoring apps or leaked personal data often sparks debates on Twitter (now X), Facebook, and WhatsApp groups. Memes, hashtags, and critical posts quickly trend, showing that people do react when directly confronted with threats to their personal information.

However, these reactions are usually short-lived. Once the news cycle moves on, the conversation dies down, and no long-term demand for reform emerges. This reflects a lack of sustained civic engagement on privacy issues.

Fear and Self-Censorship

Another dimension of public reaction is fear. Many citizens, especially journalists and activists, admit that they self-censor their online activities because they believe they are being watched. People often avoid criticizing powerful institutions or discussing sensitive topics on WhatsApp groups or Twitter spaces.

This culture of fear discourages open debate. Instead of demanding stronger rights, many choose silence, further weakening public pressure for reform.

Cultural Factors

Cultural attitudes also shape public reaction. In Pakistan, collective identity and community values often take priority over individual privacy. Families and social groups may share personal information freely, seeing it as a sign of trust. As a result, digital privacy concerns do not always align with cultural norms.

Additionally, religious and moral narratives are sometimes used to justify surveillance, with arguments that monitoring helps “protect society” from harmful content. These narratives make it difficult for privacy advocates to challenge state practices without being portrayed as opposing morality or national security.

Examples of Public Backlash

Despite these challenges, there have been moments when public backlash forced authorities to reconsider policies. For instance:

• When the government introduced apps rumored to track citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic, people expressed strong concerns about misuse of health data.
• News of leaked phone conversations involving politicians triggered debates about whether anyone’s privacy was safe.
• The proposed Data Protection Bill has faced criticism from rights groups and social media users for giving too much power to the government instead of protecting citizens.

These examples show that while awareness is not universal, Pakistanis do react strongly when privacy violations feel personal and immediate.

The Gap Between Awareness and Action

Overall, public awareness is slowly improving, but it has not yet translated into organized action. Citizens may express anger online, but few take steps such as filing complaints, contacting legislators, or participating in awareness campaigns. This lack of collective pressure allows surveillance practices to continue with little accountability.

Conclusion

Public awareness about surveillance and privacy in Pakistan is growing, but it remains fragmented. Activists and professionals drive the debate, while the general public often remains unaware or indifferent until a scandal directly affects them. Cultural attitudes, fear of authority, and lack of sustained civic engagement limit the effectiveness of public reaction. For meaningful change, awareness campaigns must expand beyond social media and urban elites to reach ordinary citizens, empowering them to demand their digital rights.

Chapter 8 – How You Can Protect Yourself

While governments and institutions are responsible for protecting citizens’ privacy, individuals cannot wait for reforms to happen. Until stronger laws and accountability systems are in place, people need to take personal steps to reduce the risks of surveillance and data misuse. No method is perfect, but small and consistent actions can make a significant difference.

Understanding the Threat

The first step to protecting yourself is realizing that online privacy is not just about hiding secrets. Every click, message, and search generates data that companies and governments can use. This data can reveal your habits, interests, networks, and even your location. Once you understand this, you will see why it is important to be cautious.

Use Encrypted Apps

End-to-end encrypted apps such as WhatsApp, Signal, and Telegram (with secret chats) are safer for communication. Encryption ensures that your messages cannot be easily intercepted. However, even these apps are not completely risk-free. For example, backups stored on Google Drive or iCloud may not be encrypted. To stay safer, disable cloud backups and keep chats stored only on your device.

Be Careful with Apps You Install

One of the biggest risks comes from installing unnecessary or untrusted apps. Many free apps ask for access to your location, contacts, photos, and microphone—even when it is not required for the app’s function. This data can be sold to advertisers or shared with authorities.

• Only install apps from trusted sources like Google Play Store or Apple App Store.
• Read the permissions carefully and deny access where possible.
• Delete apps you do not use regularly.

Use VPNs Wisely

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) can help hide your browsing activity from local internet providers and provide access to blocked content. However, not all VPNs are reliable. Some free VPNs actually log your activity and sell it. To use VPNs safely:

• Choose a well-known paid VPN service that has a “no logs” policy.
• Avoid free VPNs with unknown origins.
• Remember, even VPNs cannot protect you from all forms of surveillance, especially if spyware is installed on your device.

Social Media Safety

Social media is where people often compromise their privacy without realizing it. Oversharing personal details like your location, daily routine, or family pictures makes it easier for strangers or agencies to track you.

• Adjust your privacy settings to limit who can see your posts.
• Avoid posting real-time location updates. Share travel details only after you have left.
• Be careful with friend requests; many fake accounts are used for monitoring.

Strengthen Your Devices

Your phone and computer are gateways to your personal life. Weak security makes surveillance easier.

• Always use strong, unique passwords.
• Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) on email, banking, and social media accounts.
• Keep your devices updated, as updates often fix security loopholes.
• Install antivirus software to detect malware or spyware.

Family and Community Awareness

Privacy is not just an individual issue. If your family members or friends are careless online, your own data can also be exposed. For example, a family member adding strangers to a WhatsApp group or clicking on suspicious links may put everyone at risk.

• Teach children about online safety, such as avoiding strangers and not sharing personal details.
• Guide elders who may not be familiar with digital risks.
• Share resources and explain why privacy matters to everyone.

Financial Privacy

Digital transactions are becoming more common in Pakistan through mobile banking, Easypaisa, and JazzCash. To protect financial privacy:

• Use official apps and avoid logging in from shared devices.
• Never share OTPs (one-time passwords).
• Regularly check your statements for suspicious activity.

Limit What You Share with Companies

Many services ask for your CNIC number, phone number, or address even when it is not necessary. Only share sensitive details with trusted institutions. If possible, ask how your data will be stored and whether it will be shared with third parties.

Conclusion

Absolute privacy may be impossible in today’s digital world, especially where surveillance is institutionalized. However, individuals can take meaningful steps to reduce their exposure. By using encrypted apps, being selective with downloads, practicing safe social media habits, and teaching families about digital safety, citizens can regain some control over their data. These actions create small but important barriers that make surveillance harder and less effective. In the end, protecting privacy is about building awareness, making smart choices, and treating your personal data as something valuable.

Chapter 9 – The Road Ahead for Pakistan

The debate on surveillance and privacy in Pakistan is not just about today’s challenges; it is about shaping the future of a digital society. With millions of Pakistanis joining the internet every year, the way the country handles privacy will affect its democracy, economy, and global reputation. The path forward must involve legal reforms, technological adaptation, cultural change, and stronger civic engagement.

Strengthening Legal Protections

The first step for Pakistan is to modernize its legal framework. The Constitution’s Article 14 should be expanded to explicitly recognize digital privacy as a fundamental right. Laws like PECA 2016 need to be revisited and reformed with clearer definitions, judicial oversight, and safeguards against abuse.

Most importantly, Pakistan must pass a comprehensive Data Protection Act. This law should:

• Define how personal data can be collected, stored, and used.
• Restrict the sharing of data between government agencies and private companies without consent.
• Give citizens the right to access, correct, and delete their personal data.
• Impose penalties on organizations that fail to protect sensitive information.

By aligning with global standards such as the EU’s GDPR, Pakistan can not only protect its citizens but also improve its standing in the global digital economy.

Promoting Transparency and Oversight

No surveillance system can be trusted without accountability. Pakistan must establish independent oversight bodies that monitor the use of surveillance powers. Judicial approval should be required for accessing sensitive data, and annual transparency reports should be published by telecom operators and state agencies.

Such steps will not only build public trust but also reduce the perception that surveillance is being misused for political purposes.

Building a Privacy-Aware Society

Laws alone are not enough; people need to understand and demand their rights. Civil society groups, educational institutions, and the media must play an active role in spreading digital literacy. Campaigns should explain in simple terms why privacy matters, how surveillance affects everyday life, and what steps individuals can take.

Schools and universities can introduce digital safety modules, while TV channels and social media influencers can run awareness campaigns. A society that values privacy will naturally push for stronger protections.

Balancing Security and Rights

One of the toughest challenges is balancing national security with individual freedoms. Pakistan faces real threats such as terrorism, cybercrime, and disinformation campaigns. Surveillance, when properly regulated, can be an important tool against these dangers.

However, without clear limits, it risks becoming a weapon against dissent and free speech. The road ahead requires proportionate measures—using surveillance where necessary but ensuring it is targeted, time-bound, and subject to judicial review. This balance will protect both the state and its citizens.

Embracing Technology for Protection

Pakistan can also adopt advanced technologies that enhance privacy rather than erode it. Secure communication platforms, anonymization tools, and locally developed encryption solutions can give citizens more control over their data. Encouraging the tech industry to create privacy-first applications could also boost innovation and build international credibility.

International Cooperation

Since privacy is a global issue, Pakistan cannot move forward in isolation. Collaboration with international organizations, human rights groups, and regional partners can help the country adopt best practices. By ratifying international conventions on data protection and human rights, Pakistan can show its commitment to global standards.

The Role of Citizens

Finally, the road ahead is not just the government’s responsibility. Citizens must also recognize their role. By practicing safe digital habits, demanding accountability, and supporting privacy-friendly initiatives, ordinary Pakistanis can create a bottom-up push for change. Public pressure is often the most effective driver of reform.

Conclusion

The future of privacy in Pakistan depends on the choices made today. If the state continues unchecked surveillance without accountability, public trust will erode, and democratic values will weaken. On the other hand, if Pakistan strengthens its laws, ensures transparency, and builds a privacy-aware society, it can create a safer and freer digital environment for its people.

The road ahead is challenging but not impossible. With the right reforms, Pakistan can strike a balance where national security is protected without compromising the dignity, freedom, and privacy of its citizens. This balance is not just desirable—it is essential for building a modern, democratic, and digitally empowered Pakistan.

Final Conclusion

Privacy is no longer an abstract concept in Pakistan. It affects journalists, activists, students, businesspeople, and ordinary families alike. Amnesty International’s report has once again highlighted the urgency of addressing these issues. While surveillance may sometimes be justified in the name of security, unchecked monitoring without transparency weakens democracy, silences dissent, and erodes public trust.

For Pakistan to move forward, reforms are needed at multiple levels. Stronger constitutional guarantees, a comprehensive data protection law, independent oversight, and public awareness are all essential. At the same time, individuals must take responsibility for their own digital safety by using encrypted apps, limiting oversharing, and practicing cyber hygiene.

The road ahead is not easy, but it is necessary. By protecting privacy, Pakistan is not only safeguarding individual dignity but also strengthening its democratic foundations. In the end, a society that values both security and freedom will be better equipped to face the challenges of the digital age.